• Unknown Country Code

Rumsfeld during a in February 2002.' There are known knowns' is a phrase from a response gave to a question at a (DoD) on February 12, 2002 about the lack of linking the government of with the supply of to.Rumsfeld stated:Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always interesting to me, because as we know, there are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns—the ones we don't know we don't know. And if one looks throughout the history of our country and other free countries, it is the latter category that tend to be the difficult ones.The statement became the subject of much commentary including a, directed. Contents.Origin Rumsfeld's statement brought much fame and public attention to the concepts of known knowns, known unknowns, and unknown unknowns, but national security and intelligence professionals have long used an analysis technique referred to as the. The idea of unknown unknowns was created in 1955 by two American, Joseph Luft (1916–2014) and Harrington Ingham (1916–1995) in their development of the Johari window.

They used it as a technique to help people better understand their relationship with themselves as well as others.The term was also commonly used inside. Rumsfeld himself cited in his memoir; he wrote that he had first heard 'a variant of the phrase' from Graham when they served together on the during the late 1990s. Kirk Borne, an who was employed as a at at the time, noted in an April 2013 TED talk that he had used the phrase 'unknown unknowns' in a talk to personnel at the Homeland Security Transition Planning Office a few days prior to Rumsfeld's remarks, and speculated that the term may have percolated up to Rumsfeld and other high-ranking officials in the defense department.The terms 'known unknowns' and 'unknown unknowns' are often used in and circles.Known unknowns refers to 'risks you are aware of, such as canceled flights.' Unknown unknowns are risks that come from situations that are so unexpected that they would not be considered.

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'For example, prior to the invention of the personal computer, manufacturers of typewriters probably didn't foresee the risks to their business'. Contemporary usage is largely consistent with the earliest known usages. For example, the term was used in evidence given to the British Columbia Royal Commission of Inquiry into Uranium Mining in 1979:Site conditions always pose unknowns, or uncertainties, which may become known during construction or operation to the detriment of the facility and possibly lead to damage of the environment or endanger public health and safety. The risk posed by unknowns is somewhat dependent on the nature of the unknown relative to past experience.

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This has led me classify unknowns into one of the following two types: 1. Known unknowns (expected or foreseeable conditions), which can be reasonably anticipated but not quantified based on past experience as exemplified by case histories (in Appendix A and 2). Unknown unknowns (unexpected or unforeseeable conditions), which pose a potentially greater risk simply because they cannot be anticipated based on past experience or investigation.—Known unknowns result from recognized but poorly understood phenomena. On the other hand, unknown unknowns are phenomena which cannot be expected because there has been no prior experience or theoretical basis for expecting the phenomena.The term also appeared in a 1982 article on the, which cites the example of, the cause of crashes in in the 1950s. Reaction While the remarks initially led to some ridicule towards the Bush administration in general and Rumsfeld in particular, the consensus regarding it has shifted over the years, and it now enjoys some level of respect. For example, Rumsfeld's defenders have included columnist, who called it 'in fact a brilliant distillation of quite a complex matter', and Australian economist and, who wrote, 'Although the language may be tortured, the basic point is both valid and important.' Psychoanalytic philosopher says that beyond these three categories there is a fourth, the unknown known, that which we intentionally refuse to acknowledge that we know: 'If Rumsfeld thinks that the main dangers in the confrontation with Iraq were the 'unknown unknowns', that is, the threats from Saddam whose nature we cannot even suspect, then the Abu Ghraib scandal shows that the main dangers lie in the 'unknown knowns'—the disavowed beliefs, suppositions and obscene practices we pretend not to know about, even though they form the background of our public values.'

German sociologists Daase and Kessler (2007) agree with a basic point of Rumsfeld in stating that the for political practice may be determined by the relationship between what we know, what we do not know, what we cannot know, but Rumsfeld left out what we do not like to know.The event has been used in multiple books to discuss.Rumsfeld named his autobiography. In an 'Author's Note' at the start of the book, he expressly acknowledged the source of his memoir's title and mentioned a few examples of his statement's prominence, including a Wikipedia article. Is the title of 's 2013 biographical documentary film about Rumsfeld. Analytical sciences The term 'known unknowns' has been applied to the identification of chemical substances using analytical chemistry approaches, specifically mass spectrometry.

In many cases, an unknown to an investigator that is detected in an experiment is actually known in the chemical literature, a reference database, or an internet resource. These types of compounds are termed 'known unknowns'. The term was originally coined by Little et al. And reported a number of times in the literature since then as a general approach.

See also. ^. ^ Girard, John; Girard, JoAnn (June 1, 2009). Business Expert Press. Retrieved February 10, 2014. Rumsfeld, Donald (2011). New York: Penguin Group.

Retrieved September 14, 2015. November 1997. Biafore, Bonnie (December 14, 2011).

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Retrieved October 17, 2015. Biafore, Bonnie (December 14, 2011). Retrieved October 17, 2015. Phase V: Waste Disposal.

Proceedings of the British Columbia Royal Commission of Inquiry into Uranium Mining. Newhouse, J. (June 14, 1982), New Yorker, pp. 48–105. (December 9, 2003). Daily Telegraph. Retrieved October 30, 2008.

(February 10, 2004). Retrieved February 23, 2009.

Knowns and Unknowns in the 'War on Terror': Uncertainty and the Political Construction of Danger, Christopher Daase and Oliver Kessler, Security Dialogue, December 2007; vol. 411–434. Neve, Geert de; Luetchford, Peter (2008). Emerald Group Publishing. Retrieved February 10, 2014.

Rumsfeld, Donald (2011). New York: Penguin Group. P. xiii. Scott (2014).

The New York Times. Retrieved April 4, 2014. Little, J.L.; Cleven, C.D.; Brown, S.D. 'Identification of 'Known Unknowns' utilizing accurate mass data and chemical abstracts service databases'.

Mass Spectrom. 22 (2): 348–359. Little, James L.

'Identification of 'known unknowns' utilizing accurate mass data and ChemSpider'. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 23 (1): 179–185. Stein, S. 'Mass Spectral Reference Libraries: An Ever-Expanding Resource for Chemical Identification'. Analytical Chemistry.

84 (17): 7274–7282. McEachran, Andrew D.; Sobus, Jon R.; Williams, Antony J. 'Identifying known unknowns using the US EPA's CompTox Chemistry Dashboard'. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 409 (7): 1729–1735.

Schymanski, Emma L.; Williams, Antony J. Environmental Science and Technology. 51 (10): 5357–5359.External links. February 12, 2002.37:19.Because there are reports that there is no evidence of a direct link between Baghdad and some of these terrorist organizations.: Reports that say that something hasn't happened are always interesting to me. Press Operations. US Department of Defense.

February 12, 2002. Logan, David C. (March 1, 2009). 'Known knowns, known unknowns, unknown unknowns and the propagation of scientific enquiry'. Journal of Experimental Botany.

60 (3): 712–4.

The most unknown country must by far be the undiscoveredcountry, referenced in Hamlet, Act III, scene i:To be, or not to be: that is the question.Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them. To die; to sleep;No more; and by a sleep to say we endThe heart-ache and the thousand natural shocksThat flesh is heir to. 'Tis a consummationDevoutly to be wish'd. To die; to sleep;-To sleep? Perchance to dream! Ay, there 's the rub;For in that sleep of death what dreams may come,When we have shuffl'd off this mortal coil,Must give us pause.

There's the respectThat makes calamity of so long life.For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely,The pangs of dispriz'd love, the law's delay,The insolence of office and the spurnsThat patient merit of the unworthy takes,When he himself might his quietus makeWith a bare bodkin? Who would fardels bear,To grunt and sweat under a weary life,But that the dread of something after death,The undiscovered country from whose bournNo traveller returns, puzzles the willAnd makes us rather bear those ills we haveThan fly to others that we know not of?Thus conscience does make cowards of us all;And thus the native hue of resolutionIs sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,And enterprises of great pith and momentWith this regard their currents turn awry,And lose the name of action.-Soft you now!The fair Ophelia! Nymph, in thy orisonsBe all my sins rememb'red'The undiscovered country' in this case being, death, or whatcomes after.